The primer backing out does seem to be a common problem according to threads I've seen in an Arisaka forum. I don't know anyone that has a 257, but I could call my gunsmith and ask him if he has gauges. He said that they don't make headspace gauges for the Arisaka? Or would the 257 gauge work instead of that? Still getting a slight bulge in the case just above the base too, so that would tend to point to the headspace issue too, wouldn't it? The bulges aren't as pronounced with this new bolt as they were with the original one.I've seen this before, you definetly have a headspace problem! When these rifles were brought home by military personel as souvenirs it was quikly realized ammo was not available, so many were rechambered to accept a .257 Roberts case necked up and loaded with a 6.5 bullet. Looks like you might have one of these rifles, see if you can find a .257 Roberts case and check to see if it chambers. I have one of these rifles and made my own dies for it. If you can't find a friend with a .257 Roberts case or a gunsmith close too you with .257 Roberts gages send me a message and I'll see if I can get one to you.
The primer backing out does seem to be a common problem according to threads I've seen in an Arisaka forum. I don't know anyone that has a 257, but I could call my gunsmith and ask him if he has gauges. He said that they don't make headspace gauges for the Arisaka? Or would the 257 gauge work instead of that? Still getting a slight bulge in the case just above the base too, so that would tend to point to the headspace issue too, wouldn't it? The bulges aren't as pronounced with this new bolt as they were with the original one.
You are dancing with the devil here! Sure the receiver may hold up. But what if it doesnt? Rebarrel the rifle or remove the barrel you have and get it shaved to remove the extra headspace then ream the chamber for 6.5 or wildcat. Since your bore is trashed as you mentioned before if you choose to throw any $$ at the rifle I would get a different barrel instead of any mods to the current barrel.
Headspace (excessive) is what causes primers consistently backed out like that. You were using factory ammo so I would not consider it overcharged on powder.